Gestão da zona costeira da ilha do maranhão: análise político-institucional e avaliação dos instrumentos de gestão

Abstract

The coastal zone, constitutionally recognized as national heritage, is a territorial domain of notorious ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural complexity, demanding Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) for spatial planning. This study aimed to analyze the political-institutional framework of coastal zone management in the four municipalities of Ilha do Maranhão (São Luís, São José de Ribamar, Raposa, and Paço do Lumiar), proceeding with a critical evaluation of governance based on established criteria and identifying its structural limitations and socio environmental constraints. Adopting a mixed methodological approach, predominantly qualitative and descriptive-exploratory in nature, the research was structured in four interdependent chapters: Chapter I – Foundations on Coastal Zone Management and Interfaces with the Sustainable Development Goals — used a literature review (hybrid, narrative and systematic) to ground Coastal Zone Management, highlighting its interrelation with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda (especially SDGs 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 17); Chapter II – Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Brazil and the Development of Management Instruments, conducted a comprehensive survey of the legal framework and discussed the principles and practices of coastal governance, highlighting the institutional challenges that hinder the effectiveness of actions; Chapter III – Analysis of the Political and Institutional Framework of the Coastal Zone of Ilha do Maranhão – used documentary analysis (Master Plans, Land Use and Occupation Laws, and budgetary instruments PPA, LDO, LOA) and secondary indicators (IBGE, SINISA) to analyze the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the four municipalities studied; and Chapter IV – Application of Barragán's Decalogue (2004) as an Instrument for Evaluating the Coastal Management Structure of the Municipalities of Ilha do Maranhão – applied the methodology of Barragán's Decalogue (2004) through semi-structured interviews with public environmental managers (municipal and state). The research revealed institutional fragility, federative asymmetry, and disarticulation between public entities, in addition to the absence of Municipal Coastal Management Plans (PMGC) and Integrated Coastal Management Plans (PGI). The critical interview with Professor Barragán (2025) validated the diagnosis and guided the propositional phase, indicating that overcoming fragmented management requires the construction of cooperative and integrated governance, supported by the articulation of three strategic axes: alliances, instruments, and resources. It is concluded that the effectiveness of coastal management on Maranhão Island is incipient and is conditioned by institutional strengthening, inter-federative integration with social participation, and budgetary and financial guarantees for coastal management. The research reaffirms the need to fully incorporate the coastal and marine dimensions into municipal planning instruments to consolidate management aligned with the principles of sustainability and the SDGs.